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Earth can be divided into 3 parts: Crust, mantle and core. Most of the diamond stones are formed in the mantle of earth at the distance of 140 to 180 km beneath the earth surface. The dept factor and molten lava provide the required pressure and heat to transform carbon into its allotrope diamond stone. The minimum pressure required to form a diamond stone is  435,113 psi  and minimum temperature required is 400 degree Celsius. If these conditions are maintained for a millions of years, diamond stone is formed. If either of these two conditions is not fulfilled, diamond stone is not formed. Such a high pressure results in hardness and high density of diamond stone.

How does diamond stone come to earth surface?

Diamonds precious stones reach surface of earth with volcanic eruptions or magma eruptions. The deep cracks (or fractures) in earth through which magma comes out to earth surface are called kimberlite pipes. Kimberlite is a place in South Africa where these pipes were observed first of all. As the magma comes out of these pipes, it pushes the diamond stones and other rocky material out. These magma eruptions originated at much deeper places than common volcanic eruptions. Diamonds mines or deposits in the kimberlite pipes are also called blue grounds. Infact, that is color of the mine. Mining is done to extract them out.

Not all diamonds are found where they first appeared on the earth surface. Sometimes, diamond stones originated in kimberlite pipes are subsequently washed away by glaciers, streams, river water or rain water. The stones are also moved by soil erosion, land slides,  earthquakes, floods, tsunami and other geological activities. It is highly probable that they are discovered in river beds and oceans miles miles away from their original kimberlite mines. Sometimes diamonds stones are taken to sea shores and beaches with water currents in the sea. The ones found in river beds and oceans are known as alluvial diamonds and the deposits are called alluvial deposits.  Kimberlite mines are known as primary source of diamond stone, whereas alluvial deposits are known as secondary source of diamond stone.

Carbon found in nature has two form: organic carbon and inorganic carbon. The one found in living or dead plants and animals is called organic carbon. It is also called biomass carbon. The one found in nonliving objects is called inorganic carbon. Carbon source of diamonds is both organic and inorganic carbon. Diamond stone formed from inorganic carbon is called harzburgitic diamond stone. On the other hand, diamond that contains organic carbon is known as eclogitic diamond stone. The carbon type in diamonds is measured by atomic mass of two types of isotope of carbon: C-12 or C-13.

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